Tachibana Dōsetsu

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Tachibana Dōsetsu
立花 道雪
Head of Tachibana clan
In office
1571–1575
Preceded byTachibana Akitoshi
Succeeded byTachibana Ginchiyo
Personal details
BornBungo Province, 1513
DiedChikugo Province, 1585
Military service
Allegiance Ōtomo clan
Bekki clan
Battles/warsBattle of Umegatake castle
Battle of Kurumagaeshi
Pacification of Bungo
Pacification of Higo
Siege of Mount Kosho castle
First Battle of Yanagigaura
Siege of Moji (1562)
Siege of Moji (1563)
Fourth Battle of Yanagigaura
Siege of Yasumimatsu castle
Siege of Mount Kosho castle (1567)
Battle of Yasumimatsu
Campaign of Mount Tachibana


Tatarahama battles (1569)
Siege of Mount Hōman castle
Siege of Yamakuma Castle
Battle of Imayama
Battle of Saga Castle
Fukuoka campaign (1571-1583)

  • Battle of Sawara (1582)
  • Battle of Koganebara (1582)
  • Siege of Konomidake Castle

Bungo province reconquest
Siege of Kurume
Siege of Neko'o Castle

Tachibana Dōsetsu (立花 道雪, 22 April 1513 – 2 November 1585), born Betsugi Akitsura (戸次鑑連), also as Bekki Akitsura, and Bekki Dōsetsu,[1] was a Japanese samurai of the Sengoku period who served the Ōtomo clan. A member of Bekki clan, He was the father of Tachibana Ginchiyo and adopted father of Tachibana Muneshige.[2]

He was known as one of the wisest Ōtomo retainers and remembered for his anti Christianity in the Ōtomo's domain stance. Dōsetsu was counted as the Sanshuku of Ōtomo clan together with Usuki Akisumi and Yoshihiro. Akimasa.[3]

The military career of Tachibana Dōsetsu is mostly known for his involvements in 37 military campaigns and more than 100 engagements of smaller scale, despite half of his lower body being paralyzed, including the Battle of Tatarahama, and the brilliant defense of Kurume city.

As a subject of mythical legends and for his personal battle prowess, Dōsetsu has earned some nicknames such as Hachiman incarnation(弓矢八幡), Thunder god's incarnation(摩利支天の化身), God of war from Kyushu(九州の軍神), or Dōsetsu the ogre(鬼道雪、).[4][5][5]

Dōsetsu died from illness during a military at Chikugo Province in 1585.

Biography[edit]

Born with a childhood name Akitsura in Yoroigatake Castle, Bungo Province, Dōsetsu hailed from Bekki clan. Dōsetsu fought his first battle leading 2,000 soldiers when he reached 14 years old, replacing his sickly father who has been retired from military service.[6] In this campaign, Dōsetsu fought against the Ōuchi clan in Umegatake castle [jp] , Buzen Province, where he emerged victorious despite being outnumbered by around 3,000 mens in difference.[6][7]

In August 22, 1535, Dōsetsu lead an army to pacify a rebellion of Kikuchi clan in Higo Province, where he manage to suppress the rebels after the battle of Kurumagaeshi.[8][9] After this battle, Dōsetsu organized 48 of his warriors to form a small elite squad nicknamed as the "Shiro-Taka" or "White Hawks" squad.[10][11][12]

In 1546, Dōsetsu and other Ōtomo clan retainers were sent with 10,000 strong troops to suppress the first rebellion of Akizuki clan.[13]

In 1548, Dōsetsu was recorded to have experienced an incident where he was struck by a lightning bolt. This incident caused his left leg to be permanently paralyzed[14]

In 1550, Dōsetsu was involved in the Ōtomo clan civil war of succession between Ōtomo Sōrin and Ōtomo Shioichimaru. At the end of this conflict, Shioichimaru was killed, while Dōsetsu was sent with an army to attack Irita Chikazane, a Shioichimaru loyalist. Dōsetsu managed to beat Chikazane army and forced him flee from Ōtomo territory.[15]

Military service 1553-1562 & Siege of Moji[edit]

In 1553, Dōsetsu retired from his position as head of Bekki clan at 41 years old, then adopted Bekki Shigetsura, his half nephew, as foster son. Dōsetsu also immediately appointed Shigetsura as the next head of Bekki clan.[a][17]

In 1554, Dōsetsu was sent to suppress several uprisings in Bungo and Higo Province which were incited by Obara Akimoto, Honjo Shinzaemon, and Nakamura Shinbei.[18][19][13][20][21]

In 1556 at May 19, Dōsetsu's forces finally manage to quell the rebellions incited by Akimoto, and he later sent recommendation letters of his subordinates who gave outstanding performance during this operation, such as Korenobu Yufu, Takano Daizen, Adachi Sakyō, and Ando Iesada.[22]

In 1557, the Akizuki clan rebelled again due to their collaboration with Mōri Motonari, to which Sorin responded by sending Dōsetsu and Usuki Akisumi with 2,000 soldiers to quell their rebellion. Dōsetsu besieged the Akizuki clan which was led by Akizuki Kiyotane in Mount Kosho castle [jp].[23] In the end, Kiyotane and his son committed seppuku inside their castle.[24]: 564 

The site of the ruined Moji castle

In the next year of 1558, Dōsetsu fought Mōri clan general named Kobayakawa Takakage in the first siege of Moji castle. In this battle, Dōsetsu had 800 of his archers shower Kobayakama's army with arrows.[25][26] As the Dōsetsu continues his siege until 1562, Dōsetsu entered the last phase of this Siege of Moji, where he enlisted the help of traders from Portuguese Empire[27][28] In this battle, the Portuguese merchants assisted Dōsetsu with three ships weighted between 500-600 tons, The bombardment from the ships allowed the Ōtomo troops to establish themselves around Moji castle. However, the castle defenders manage to break the siege after the Portuguese has spent all their ammunitions and withdrew from this operation. Despite the Ōtomo forces under Dōsetsu launching another attempt at besieging the castle in 10 October 1561, they failed to subdue the castle.[29]

In 1560, Dōsetsu, Usuki Akisumi and Yoshihiro Akimasa fought against Munakata Ujisada, the head of Munakata clan.[30][31]

In 1562 of July 13, Dōsetsu and his subordinate Korenobu Yufu,[22] has defeated the Mōri clan army in the battle in Yanagigaura in Buzen Province.[32][33] Later, Dōsetsu stormed Moji castle on October 13 and they managed to subdue the castle which was defended by Reizei Mototoyo, a former Ouchi clan vassal who was 25 years old.[34] On November 26, there was a battle all day long near Moji Castle, leaving hundreds injured and dead with an unclear result.[34]

Military service 1563-1570 & Battle of Yasumimatsu[edit]

In 1563, on the New Year's Day of 6th year of Eiroku, a large army led by Mōri Takamoto and Kobayakawa Takakage arrived to relieve Moji castle. The army of Dōsetsu and Mōri Takamoto entered a standoff until an intermediary envoy from Kyoto arrived sending a message from the Ashikaga shogunate to both Dōsetsu and Takamoto to stop their conflict.[34] In the same year, Dōsetsu changed his name from Akitsura into Dōsetsu.[35][36][37] It was recorded that he changed the name to "Dōsetsu", which literally means "road's snow", as it symbolized a loyalty to not changing his way or betray his master until his death.[38][3]

In 1564 July 25, the mediator from the Shogunate secured an agreement of temporary peace treaty between the Mōri clan and the Ōtomo clan.[39] However, this truce did not last long as on March 25, Dōsetsu once again fought the Mōri clan army which was led by Koremaki Yufu in The Fourth Battle of Yanagigaura.[40]

Later in 1565, the head of Tachibana clan, Tachibana Munekatsu, rebelled against Ōtomo clan. Dōsetsu were sent to pacify this rebellion.[41][42] In the end, the forces of Akitsura managed to capture Tachibanayama Castle belonging to the rebels.[43] However, Ōtomo Sorin, the head of Ōtomo clan, decided to give pardon for Tachibana Munekatsu due to his family relationship.[44]

Battle of Yasumimatsu
Date1567, September 3th
Location
Around Yasumimatsu Castle in Chikuzen Province
Result Akizuki clan victory
Belligerents
Ōtomo clan Akizuki clan
Commanders and leaders

Tachibana Dōsetsu

  • Koretada Totoki  
  • Bekki Akitaka  
  • Bekki Chikashige  
  • Bekki Chikamune  


Usuki Akisumi

  • Yoshihiro Tatewaki  
  • Toshimitsu Hyōgo  

Yoshihiro Akimasa

Akizuki Tanezane

  • Sakata Moromasa  
Strength
20,000

12,000

  • 4,000 during night raid
Casualties and losses
at least 400 Unknown

In 1567, Akizuki Tanezane, a surviving son of Akizuki Kiyotane and the new Akizuki clan's head, has manage to recapture the castle of Mount Kosho from the Ōtomo clan and made his intention clear to fight against them. In response, Sorin sent Dōsetsu, Usuki Akisumi, and Yoshihiro Akimasa with 20,000 soldiers on August 14 to punish Tanezane. The Ōtomo army first engaged the Akizuki clan forces at the Battle of Amamizu and Haseyama (also known as the Battle of Uryuno) on August 14, and on the 15th, and captured Ojo, a branch castle of Yasumimatsu Castle, causing the commander of the castle, Moromasa Sakata, to commit suicide.[45]

Dōsetsu then stationed his army around Yasumomatsu castle, in preparation to capture Mount Kosho Castle. However, the castle was defended firmly and the siege dragged on. Subsequently, rumors circulated that a huge Mōri clan army in Chugoku region planned to invade Ojo, which prompted the Ōtomo forces to withdraw from the siege of Mount Kosho. Later, the Ōtomo army abandonned Yasumimatsu castle and began retreating in the morning of September 3. In response, Tanezane decided to sally out to give chase against the withdrawing Ōtomo army by dividing his 12,000 troops into four groups under the command of Kankage Intosho, Sanehisa Uchida Zenbei, over 3,000 cavalry, and Ayabe Suruga no Kami, over 5,000 cavalry. Dōsetsu already anticipated this movement by leading a rearguard with 3,000 soldiers with the assistance of his lieutenants, Bekki Shigetsura, Ono Shizuyuki, and Korenobu Yufu, with each of them leading 500 to 600 cavalry.[46][45]

During this attack, at first the assault forces of Tanezane manage to inflict losses as they killed one of Dōsetsu's most trusted generals, Koretada Totoki. However, the rearguard detachment of Dōsetsu managed to reverse the situation and inflicted heavy losses upon Tanezane troops, forcing them to retreat. Later at night, Tanezane once again launched an assault this time with 4,000 soldiers in a night raid. The unexpected night attack by the Akizuki forces threw the Ōtomo army into chaos, and they suffered heavy losses with the total number of casualties being over 400, throwing the latter's force into panic. Dōsetsu managed to return order onto his troops and organize a retreat, however, Tanezane order his troops to pursue the fleeing Dōsetsu further, as they continued to pursue them as far as Chikugo Yamakuma Castle, forcing the Ōtomo army to suffer even more casualties.[45] Many of Dōsetsu's clansmen were killed in this battle, such as Bekki Akitaka, Bekki Chikashige, Bekki Chikamune.[47]

In 1568, Mōri Motonari sent his army under the lead of Shimizu Munenori to besiege the Tachibanayama castle. Dōsetsu's army successfully defended the castle. In this battle, four of Dōsetsu vassals, Tsuresada Totoki, Takano Daizen, Korenobu Yufu, and Ando Iesada, gained fame in the battle, and later received the nicknames of Dōsetsu-Shitennō(Four heavenly kings of Dōsetsu).[42][21] The invasion of Mōri also involved Tachibana Munekatsu, the head of Tachibana clan, who has now betrayed the Ōtomo clan for the second time.[48]

Later in same year, Dōsetsu besieged Tachibana castle, which defended by Tachibana Munekatsu. In response, the Ōtomo clan sent Dōsetsu, Yoshihiro Akimasa, and Shiga Chikamori to led 30,000 soldier in order to pacify Munekatsu rebellion. Then as the Ōtomo army arrived at Tachibana castle on July 4, they immediately stormed the branch castle of Tachibana on the cliff of Tachibana mountain, until they captured the castle along with 28 Munakata's soldiers.[49] Later that night, one of Munekatsu vassal defected into Dōsetsu's ranks, and in the end, the castle of Tachibanayama had fallen to the Ōtomo army.[23] On July 23, after the fall of various parts of Tachibana mountain branch castles, Munekatsu fled to his last remaining castle, as the Ōtomo army pursued them, until Munekatsu committed suicide inside the castle.[50] On the same day, Dōsetsu and Takahashi Shigetane continued their operation to attack the Mōri clan's army which was sent to help Munekatsu. The standoff continued between them until in the next night Dōsetsu led a night raid against the Mōri army's supply base and managed to rout them from the area, completing the mission to subdue the rebellion in Tachibana mountain.[51] On July 29, Dōsetsu and other Ōtomo generals cleaning up the remaining resistances on Tachibana mountain, until the Mōri clan army under the lead of Shimizu Munenori and Harada Takatane invaded the Tachibana mountain once again with 5,000 soldiers in August 2. Dōsetsu responded to this development by bringing his army along with Usuki Akisumi, and Yoshihiro Akimasa to meet the Mōri clan army at the foot of Tachibana Mountain. The result of this battle ended with Ōtomo clan victory with the Mōri clan army routed and more than 300 mens being captured.[52][53] Following the end of Munekatsu rebellion and the failure of Mōri clan invasion, the office of Tachibana clan were postponed from Munekatsu's heir [b]

On November 25, Dōsetsu entered Chikugo Akashi Castle and married Hitoshihime, the daughter of Monchūsho Akitoyo, an Otomo vassal.[54]

In 1569, Dōsetsu was involved in the failed defense of the Siege of Tachibana castle, where the enemy forces under Mōri Motonari beat Dosetsu forces with the extensive use of cannons.[28] Later in the same year, Dōsetsu personally led the Otomo forces against the Mōri clan in Tatara area (located in modern day Higashi-ku, Fukuoka), where they engaged in at least four battles which ended in deadlocks.[55]

Hakata Bay, where Dōsetsu fought the Mōri clan army at the Battle of Tatarahama

In May 18, after several engagements at the Battle of Tatarahama, the Ōtomo army led by Dōsetsu, Usuki Akisumi, and Yoshihiro Akimasa clashed against 40,000 soldiers under Kikkawa Motoharu and Kobayakawa Takakage.[28][56][57][58][59] During the fierce battle between the two sides, Dōsetsu lead the charge into the enemy formation and killed more than ten enemies and manage to beat the vanguard of Motoharu which was led by Yoshikawa Motoharu's vanguard led by Nobuki Narazaki. Then, Yoshikawa Motoharu used iron cannons to counterattack. The situation was described as dire for the Ōtomo side before Dōsetsu charged towards a gap in the formation of Takakage's army, allowing other Dōsetsu generals to reorganize themselves and rearrange their artillery. Dōsetsu rode his horse and charged forward unto the enemy camp while drawing his sword.The army of Motoharu and Takakage was unable to resist and was pushed back.[60]

Following the battle of Tatatahama, there are about 18 more clashes in the area from 21–26 May, between the Dōsetsu and the Mōri army with undetermined results.[39]

Later in November 15, Ōtomo Sorin sent Dōsetsu to engage the Akizuki clan once again, where Dōsetsu managed to capture the enemy castle in Mount Hōman.[24] Dōsetsu was recorded being armed with a long sword in this battle.[61] Then, Dōsetsu captured the Yamakuma Castle from Tanezane during autumn.[62]: 62 [63]

In April 23, 1570, Dōsetsu fought the forces of Ryūzōji Takanobu and Nabeshima Naoshige in the battle of Imayama. in this engagement, Dōsetsu was recorded riding a palanquin for the first time to support his disabled left leg during battle.[64] After this battle, Dōsetsu advanced further to engage the Ryūzōji army on the eastern flank of Saga Castle, until september after Dōsetsu manage to negotiate a truce with Ryūzōji Takanobu.[65] However, this campaign by Ōtomo forces was considered a catastrophic defeat due to the massive casualties they suffered and failure to complete their objectives, which ended in August 20.[66][67]

Military service 1571-1579 & defense of Chikuzen[edit]

Stone wall of Tachibana Castle Ruins.

In 1571, Dōsetsu was appointed as the official head of Tachibana clan, and changed his name, becoming Tachibana Dōsetsu.[68] As he became an authority who was responsible for the Tachibanayama Castle, Dōsetsu was tasked to maintain the defense of the Bungo's northwestern reaches.[69] However, as Dōsetsu was now appointed in Tachibana castle, the Bekki clan was split into two, as there are some who wanted to remain in Bekki clan's traditional domain, Fujikita, while other vassals of Bekki clan like Andō Ietada choose to follow Dōsetsu into Tachibana.[c]

On the same year, Dōsetsu took Munakata Irohime, sister of his old enemy, Munakata Ujisada, as concubine. At that year, Dōsetsu were 59 years old, while Irohime was 25 years old[71] This was considered as a reconciliatory political marriage between the Munakata clan and the Ōtomo clan.[citation needed]

Later in 1575, Dōsetsu managed to secure authorization from Ōtomo Sorin to appoint his sole daughter, Tachibana Ginchiyo, as the inheritor for the next head of Tachibana clan.[72] After Sorin gave him permission, Dōsetsu immediately retired as head of Tachibana clan and appoint Ginchiyo, who at that time was still 7 years old, as head of the Tachibana clan.[24]: 358  Dōsetsu also resigned from the position of Karō (senior official) of the Ōtomo clan, and assumed a more active role in the military command of Chikuzen province.[73][74]

In 1578, Dōsetsu and Takahashi Shigetane led a military operation in Tsukushi, where they pacified Iwaya castle in Chikuzen, until they stopped at Shibata river.[75] Later in the same year, the Ōtomo clan suffered a disastrous defeat in the Battle of Mimigawa at the hand of Shimazu clan. Nevertheless, the defeat of the Ōtomo clan in Mimigawa prompted Dōsetsu to write many letters to Yoshimune and other high ranking vassals of the clan that the he blamed the setbacks and also various rebellions by former Ōtomo vassals such as Akizuki Tanezane to the conversions and apostasy of many peoples in the region to christianity. This harsh criticism from Dōsetsu caused many Ōtomo vassals to change their attitude towards christianity and European missionaries, while Yoshimune himself even told Luís Fróis that he would not sponsor christianity anymore in Ōtomo's territory.[76]

The Ōtomo clan indeed suffered massive defections from their vassals, although Dōsetsu stayed loyal to the Ōtomo clan. However, the Tachibana castle which was located at the frontier of Ōtomo clan territories now became vulnerable against enemy aggressions.[77] In December 11-13 , Ryuzoji Takanobu worked together with Tsukushi Hirokado and Akizuki Tanezane to invade Chikuzen, while Dōsetsu and his army worked hard to defend those territories.[13]

Map of Japanese provinces (1868) with Chikuzen Province highlighted

In 1579 of mid January, Dōsetsu participated in the second Ōtomo invasion of Tsukushi province and Dazaifu town against the Akizuki clan, forcing Akizuki Tanezane to abandon his siege of Takatoriyama Castle. After that, Dōsetsu besieged the Iwaya castle for the second time.[78][79][80][81][82]

In March, Dōsetsu besieged the Iwaya castle for the third time subsequently with some clashes against the forces of Akizuki Tanezane.[83][84][85][86][87] Following that, Dōsetsu engaged against Akizuki clan forces in the battle of Yatake, Chikuzen province.[88]

Later in April 18, Dōsetsu rescued an Ōtomo clan general named Shiga Chikamori from the pursuit of Akizuki Tanezane by tricking the latter with some deceptions. Tanezane then withdrew his army as he believed the ruse.[83][84][89][85][87] Later, in July 12-18th, Dōsetsu defeated Harada Nobutane in the Battle of Namamatsuhara.[90][91] In July 27, Dōsetsu repelled a joint attack from Tanezane and Nobutane.[92]

From August 18 until early September, Dōsetsu engaged in three separate battles against the armies of Harada Nobutane, Munakata Ujisada, and Sugi clan respectively, in Tatarahama, Hakozaki, and adjacent of Agematsu Castle.[93][4][5]

In September, Dōsetsu and other Ōtomo generals fought in five separate battles against allied forces of Akizuki, Ryuzoji, Munakata and Harada clans, spanning in several places such as Arahei castle, Ikeda castle, and Kosoyama Castle.[94][95][96][97][98][99]

In November 15 until December 29, Dōsetsu was involved in five engagements against Akizuki clan and their allies such as Tsukushi Hirokado and the Harada clan.[100][101]

Military service 1580-1584[edit]

In 1580, Dōsetsu wrote a letter to 13 senior retainers of Ōtomo Yoshimune, heir to Sorin. In that letter, Dōsetsu condemned the spread of christianity in the territories of Ōtomo clan.[102]

Later in February 2, Dōsetsu fought the forces of Ryuzoji clan in Sawara, Chiba.[103]

in May, he managed to capture a castle in Chikuzen from Munakata Ujisada.[104] in September 10 Dōsetsu clashed against Ujisada in Yoshikawa area of Fukuoka.[90][105] followed by the second Battle at Kama-Honami, Battle of Mount Ishigaki, and Battle of Yagiyama Ishizaka in October.[106][107][108][109]

In November 3 until December, Dōsetsu fought against the forces of Akizuki Tanezane and Munakata Ujisada respectively.[109][110][111]

Tachibana Muneshige, Dōsetsu's son-in-law and future head of Tachibana clan

Next year in 1581, Dōsetsu participated in the several engagements across against Akizuki Tanezane. First, Dōsetsu fought against Tanezane and Ujisada in the battle of Koganebara,[112] which was recorded in history as the largest military engagement ever happened in Kurate until at that time.[113] In this battle, Dōsetsu has inflicted a crushing defeat on his enemies, which left the territories under the control of Ujisada vulnerable to further incursions by Dōsetsu's army.[114] Later, Dōsetsu fought against Tanezane again in Shimizuhara, and Takatori castle.[115][116]

In July 27, Dōsetsu and Shigetane Shigetane fought against Tsukushi Hirokado and Akizuki Tanezane in the second battle of Dazaifu Kanzeon-ji. It is in this battle that, Takahashi Munetora, who will be known as Tachibana Muneshige, saw his first notable action.[117][118] Contemporary Italian jesuit Alessandro Valignano has recorded that Muneshige was adopted as son by Dōsetsu and inherited the Tachibana clan.[119] Then, as he secured the adoption, Dōsetsu immediately changed the lordships of Tachibana clan from his daughter, Ginchiyo, to Muneshige.[120][121]

In 1582 of February 10, Dōsetsu fought the Harada clan forces in the Fifth battle of Ima Matsubara.[122][123][124] Later in March 16, he fought in the battle of mount Konomi against Ujisada forces.[125][126][127][128] In April 16, Dōsetsu and Tachibana Muneshige besiege a castle under the control Nobutane.[129][130][131] At first, Dōsetsu brought 1,000 of his soldiers crossing the Naka river in the morning, then he divide them into two groups before storming the castle and forcing the defenders to abandon the castle, allowing Dōsetsu to claim the Iwato castle.[132]

In October 2, Dōsetsu send his retainer, Yoshida Rensama to assist Shigetane in recapturing Yonenoyama Castle from the Akizuki clan. It was recorded that 200 soldiers of Akizuki clan has been slain during this battle.[133][134][135]

In November 12, Dōsetsu was tasked to govern the town of Takatori by Mori Shizuma, an Ōtomo clan vassal. In the following day, as Dōsetsu were on the way Transported military supplies to Nōgata, they were ambushed by Munakata Ujisada's army at Miyawaka. As Dōsetsu forces fought back the ambush, the manage to repulse Ujisada forces although they also suffered many losses. In the following day of November 14, Dōsetsu once again clashed against Ujisada forces, followed with the next day Dōsetsu hastily marched his army to capture Miyaji town at Fukutsu, Fukuoka, while Ujisada still occupied with defending Kōbitake Castle.[136]

The last military engagement Dōsetsu was involved in 1582 occured in December 22, where Dōsetsu, Shigetane, and Muneshige fought against Ujisada.[137]

In 1583, Dōsetsu and Shigetane spent their time from January to February fighting the Tsukushi clan in Hakata-ku, Fukuoka.[138] Later, from February to April, Dōsetsu manage to repel the repeated attacks by Tsukushi Hirokado.[138][139][140] In April 23, Dōsetsu and Shigetane stormed the Konomidake Castle which was defended by Ujisada, causing the latter to fled into Hakusan Castle.[141][142]

Bungo province reconquest[edit]

Location of Bungo province

in 1584, After Ryūzōji Takanobu was killed at the Battle of Okitanawate, the Ōtomo clan took their chance to launch a reconquest expedition of Ryūzōji territories which formerly belonged to the Ōtomo in March by invading Bungo Province. However, they were unable to subdue Chikugo Neko'o Castle which was defended by Kuroki Ienaga.[143]

This prompted Yoshimune to request assistance to Dōsetsu and Shigetane On August 18, which responded by both mobilize their army of 5,000 soldiers, crossing the mountainous and difficult terrain of the Chikugo River, Minou Mountains, Kujukujiri, and Takatori mountain.[143] progressively, the forces of Dōsetsu and Shigetane marches on while beating the Tsukushi clan and Akizuki clan forces. The next opponent Dōsetsu and Shigetane faced was the Kusano Clan and the Hoshino clan, which Dōsetsu and Shigetane defeated in the series of battle on Tanushimaru Town, Katase, Eritoguchi and Ishigaki, spanning 60 kilometer of from their starting point. On the 20th, Dōsetsu appointed his vassal, Ujibe Tsubakihara to led the assault against Takamure Castle, which surrendered in August 24.[144] Then the forces of Dōsetsu and Shigetane further advance and subdued Inuo castle.[62]: 134–6 

Later in August 25, they moving further to mount Okagoya, where the local samurai clans around the area submitted peacefully and joined the Ōtomo side.[62]: 134–6 [145]: 96 [146] On August 28, Dōsetsu sent his general Tachibana Shizumi to led a detachment of 800 soldiers to besiege Jojima Castle.[d] However, this detachment failed to subdue the castle.[e] From September 8–11, Dōsetsu and Shigetane continued their marches while subduing many Chikugo province castles such as Yamashita Castle, Tanigawa Castle, Henshun Castle, Kanematsu Castle, and Yamazaki Castle, while they are recorded to burn several villages surrounding Yanagawa castle in 9th.[147]

Later in October 3, Dōsetsu and Shigetane stormed Takei Castle and burned it. This was followed with their operating in October 28 of pursuing an enemy commander named Kusano Chin'ei, who was retreating into Hosshindake Castle. However, they castle were failed to take the castle, so Dōsetsu and Shigetane abandon the siege and move further and capturing Takatori Castle/Hoshino Castle (Yamanonaka Castle), Fukumaru Castle, and on November 14, capturing the Inoue Castle.[148] Furthermore, after commencing scorched earth tactics by burning down several settlements in Akizuki clan's territory around Amagi and Amamizu, they once again commence operation to capture many castles in Mizuma District. However, at the sametime the Akizuki clan army manage to defeat an Ōtomo general named Chikaie Tawara, prompting Dōsetsu and Shigetane to abort their operation and returned to mount Tawara to rendezvous with other Ōtomo generals such as Kutami Akiyasu and Chiga Shikamore to strengthen the defensive position there. From then on, the year passed with their forces stationed in Kitano.[149][150]

Defense of Kurume 1585[edit]

Siege of Kurume

Location of Kurume, where the anti-Ōtomo forces besiege the town
Date1585
Location
Result Ōtomo clan victory, siege failed
Belligerents
Ōtomo clan

Anti Ōtomo alliance

Commanders and leaders
Tachibana Dōsetsu
Takahashi Shigetane
Ryūzōji Ieharu
Kusano Chin'ei
Nabeshima Naoshige
Tsukushi Hirokado
Ki Shigefusa
Nagano Sukemori
Goto Ienobu
Strength
9,800 30,000
Casualties and losses
Unknown Unknown

In 1585, Dōsetsu were involved in a defense against anti Ōtomo alliance massive invasion which was led by Ryūzōji Ieharu. This alliance involved many Ōtomo enemies such as Kusano Chin'ei, Nabeshima Naoshige, Tsukushi Hirokado, Ki Shigefusa (also known as Utsunomiya Chinfusa), Nagano Sukemori, and Goto Ienobu. This alliance was further augmented by Samurai clans from Hizen, Chikuzen, Chikugo, and Buzen, so that they all add up to 30,000 soldiers in strength, while Dōsetsu and Takahashi Shigetane had only 9,800 soldiers under their commands. The alliance has begun their attacks towards Kurume town.[151][152]

Dōsetsu and Shigetane manage to score a series of war victories over the numerically superior allied focers with a combination of brilliant maneuvers and tactics in three separate battles:[151][152][153]

  1. At first, in April 8, Dōsetsu and Shigetane launched assault to Yanagawa, destroying an enemy troops and manage to capture enemy generals such as Ryuzouji Shinsuke, Then they followed in action by burn down Yanagawa and returned to the coast of Takao.[154] Then later the Ōtomo forces splitting the 9,800 soldiers into two groups.[155]
  2. Later, Dōsetsu and Shigetane camped at Takara mountain, before they once again mobilized their army in April 18 storming Hatsushin castle and capturing it. Dōsetsu and Shigetane manage to repulse the Ryūzōji clan reinforcements which sent to help Hatsushin castle.[156]
  3. In the final phase of this series of engagements around the vicinity of Kurume town, the anti-Ōtomo forces were beaten back with losses after Dōsetsu and Shigetane fought bitterly defending their position.[157][158][159][155]

In April 23, Ieharu and Hirokado commit their reserves of remaining 16,000 troops and dividing their forces into five sections besieging Kurume. Dōsetsu and Shigetane engaged the allied forces with the combination of skillful artillery salvos, defensive formation tactics, and timely counterattacks, which in the end caused the allied siege collapsed.[160]

Death[edit]

During the siege of Neko'o Castle, Chikugo Province in 1585, Dōsetsu fell ill, then as his condition worsened, and felt he was about to die, Dōsetsu told his retainers to put his body in armor and bury it on Mt. Kora facing Yanagawa Castle. Thus he was passed in September 11 at the age of 73.[161][162] However, as Takahashi Shigetane and Tachibana Muneshige fearing that the enemy will desecrate Dōsetsu's body if they retreat, they did not fulfill his wishes and instead brought his corpse along with them on their retreat. Until his death, Dōsetsu was recorded to have fought in 37 campaigns and more than 100 minor engagements while about half of his body was paralyzed.[163][164][165]

Personal info[edit]

Dōsetsu Was known for his loyalty to the Ōtomo clan. however, he was not afraid to speak out his mind to criticize his lord. When In 1578 Ōtomo Sorin planned to subjugate the Shimazu clan in southern Kyushu. Dōsetsu firmly opposed this policy.[166] Later, when indeed Sorin was crushed by the Shimazu clan at the Battle of Mimigawa, Dōsetsu immediately harshly criticized Sorin.[166] However, although the aftermath of this crushing defeat causing many of their vassals to lose confidence with the Ōtomo clan and defected, Dōsetsu stayed loyal to the Ōtomo and kept defending the Ōtomo clan.[69] At one occasion, Dōsetsu even killed a monkey pet of Sorin with a Japanese war fan, as he saw Sorin was too indulged with party and playing with his pet.[167]

Dōsetsu also was notoriously known as a ruthless disciplinarian. During the campaign against the Ryuzoji clan at Chikuzen Kawarasaki , he learned that some of his soldiers had left the camp without permission and returned to their homes. Dōsetsu immediately dispatched his soldiers and ordered them to execute not only those deserting soldiers who had returned home, but also their parents. Despite the urging of other senior military officers to not kill those soldier's parents, Dōsetsu insisted as he viewed the parents are equally guilty.[168]

Dōsetsu was said to possess a "strength that above any ordinary men" and has mastered a particular sword style which were named as tachiuchi ni myō o etaru (the art of slashing in all-direction).[169] According to the chronicle of Bekkidōsetsu Jō-jō” “Bekki gundan, Dōsetsu manage to personally kill 3 of Mōri clan general, namely Motonori Akagawa, Motochika Katsura, and Motoyo Reisen during the battle in Yanagigaura In 1562 in october 13th.[32][33] Meanwhile another records from Bekki Gundan and Kyūshū shoshō gunki has stated that in 1567, Dōsetsu personally killed two of enemy warriors namely Katsura Motochika and Akagawa Motonori. In the following days of 14th, during the battle of Yasumimatsu, Dōsetsu also reportedly has cut down seven enemy warriors and personally charging into enemy camp while on horseback. From then on he got a nickname 'Oni-Dōsetsu'.[61] During a battle against Mori clan in 1569, Dōsetsu killed at least ten of the enemy warriors personally.[60]

It was said that Dōsetsu was respected and admired even by his enemies. Nabeshima Naoshige reportedly shed his after hearing the death of Dōsetsu, while Ryūzōji Takanobu once praised Dōsetsu as "a best military figure in his time who are a lover of martial arts and literatures.".[170]

Meanwhile, his contemporary, the famous daimyo of Kai Province, Takeda Shingen, reportedly has heard the reputation of Dōsetsu, and once said that Shingen said he "would like to fight Dōsetsu in a battle and test his fighting skills" although Shingen lamented that the distance between his territory with Dōsetsu were too far apart.[170][171]

Weaponry & armory[edit]

According to folklore, while Dōsetsu was still a young man, he was taking shelter under a tree, as it was raining. Suddenly, a lightning bot struck him. However, Dōsetsu unsheath his Chidori sword to cut the Thunder God inside the lightning bolt, allowing him to survive. After this incident, he renamed his 'Chidori' to 'Raikiri'.[172][173][2][174][145]: 7–73, 89 [175]

Aside from Raikiri, Dōsetsu also possessed a 85 cm katana sword of made of Bizen Kiyomitsu origin.[176]

A Yari (Japanese spear) belonging to Dōsetsu is also preserved in Tachibana museum of Yanagawa city. It was reported that Dōsetsu used this spear to fight during a battle of Mount Tachibana valley in July 4 of 1568, when he fought against Tachibana Akitoshi, former head of Tachibana clan who rebelled against Ōtomo clan.[177]

Tachibana museum also preserved a Naginata polearm which was dated from 1553 which belongs to Tachibana clan. Its Blade length 65.0 cm while its Curvature is 2.1 cm. This Naginata were said as one of Naginata which carried by 100 soldiers whose escorting Dōsetsu carriage during battles.[178]

Warfare[edit]

Tachibana Dōsetsu reportedly always praying in this Rokusho Shrine before going to war

As a military commander, Dōsetsu was recorded to participate in fighting melee combats during his wars, despite being suffering from paralysis in his left leg due to an accident at certain point during his life, which forcing him to ride a carriage which carried by his followers even during battles. He also said to keep his personal arquebusTanegashima gun on the side of his carriage[179][180][181][182][183][184] there are about 100 soldiers surrounding his carriage to escort Dōsetsu in battles.[178] Dōsetsu was said to command the soldiers who carried him to take him along with his carriage to charge into enemy ranks during battles.[185]

The military regime under Dōsetsu command has developed many miscellanous posts which were unique to his clan. Those units were usually named with extravagant sobriquet such as "Tachibana's clan four heavenly kings" (Shitennō),[42][21] "Dōsetsu's 48 White hawk warriors" (Shirotaka),[10][11][12] "Tachibana's 32 spear warriors"(San jū ni yari hashira),[186] or "Dōsetsu's two great kings" (no niō)[187] These positions usually consisted of the most elite and trusted retainers of both Bekki clan and Tachibana clan. However, the membership of this units also changed many times during Dōsetsu lifetime. as example, the 48 White hawk Warriors usually recruit new members to replace old members who has retired or killed in a battle to sustain their numbers.[188] Meanwhile, to help him maintain the administrations, Dōsetsu has appointed 7 of hist most senior retainers as Karō.[189]

Dōsetsu also known as avid reader of military strategy principles from the book of Sun Tzu treatise of The Art of War[190]。Later, in a Ōtomo military campaign together with Takahashi Shigetane, Dōsetsu fought using the hōen formation, which included six ranks of arquebusiers and two ranks of bows to fend off attacks.[191] In this battle, Shigetane used a defensive formation which was named as kōyaku formation.[191]

Dōsetsu was also known for his innovation in gunpowder warfare, as according to one record, Dōsetsu once conducted experiments on complex movements of iron cannons before firing, where he invented a method of mixing ammunition and projectiles for one shot and putting them into special bamboo tubes. This technique was rumored to cause the artillery gunners of Tachibana clan could fire salvo of their cannons three times faster than regular contemoporary artillery gunners.[192] This technique was reportedly used by Tachibana Muneshige during the Siege of Ōtsu in 1600.[193] This technique was named hayagō.[194]

In popular culture[edit]

18th century Japanese philosopher Miura Baien wrote an elegy that praised Tachibana Dōsetsu for his wisdom, courage, and honor.[170]

Tachibana Dōsetsu was depicted in Japanese semi-historical novel Honō no gunsen Tachibana Dōsetsu authored by Nishizu Hiromi.[195]

In the popular anime series Naruto, there are techniques named “Chidori” and “Raikiri”. To reference the story of Dōsetsu, a major character named Kakashi Hatake uses one of these techniques to cut a bolt of lightning in half.

In the anime series Katana Maidens, Chidori is the sword used by the main character, Eto Kanami.

Tachibana appears in the video game Samurai Warriors 2: Empires as a generic officer.

Tachibana is mentioned in the description of the Raikiri, which is usable in the fantasy RPG Nioh.

See also[edit]

Appendix[edit]

Foot notes[edit]

  1. ^ One source recorded that he relinquish lordshipf of Bekki clan to Shigetsura in 1550.[16]
  2. ^ Tachibana Shinzen, before later in 1571, Sorin instead give the office of Tachibana clan to Dōsetsu.[48]
  3. ^ Nakano Anai stated Dōsetsu were appointed as head of the Tachibana clan in 1570[70]
  4. ^ According to the first collection of the Yanagawa Domain history Series, he was killed in the Battle of Chikugo Castle. meanwhile, "Yanagawa City History" chronicle has stated that Shizumi was killed in action at Nishimuta Castle during the Mizuma District mopping up battle in late November.
  5. ^ depends on the version, according to "Komono family records", they manage to subdue the castle. while according to "Nabeshima Naoshige Documents from Hizen and Chikugo ", Dōsetsu and Shigetane army were failed.

References[edit]

  1. ^ Muneaki Tachibana (2005). "Dōsetsu". muneshige (in Japanese). Muneaki Tachibana. Retrieved 17 April 2024.
  2. ^ a b "Tachibana-shi" on Harimaya.com(in Japanese)
  3. ^ a b Yoshiaki Kusudo (2009, p. 163)
  4. ^ a b 「大友興廃記」巻第十七 宗像合戦之事
  5. ^ a b c Masato Fujino (2011, pp. 88–90)
  6. ^ a b 戦国名将・智将・梟将の至言 (in Japanese). Gakken. 2009. p. 160. ISBN 978-4-05-901239-9. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
  7. ^ 貞 著. 筑後国史 : 原名・筑後将士軍談 上巻 (in Japanese). 筑後遺籍刊行会. p. 190. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
  8. ^ Nakano Anai (2012, pp. 6–7)
  9. ^ 井樓纂聞(せいろうさんぶん)(Seirousanbun),内・尾・見・外・序中・柱 (in Japanese). Niigata University Library. pp. 23~24. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
  10. ^ a b 『井樓纂聞 梅岳公遺事』 p.24
  11. ^ a b 『立花遺香』 P.20~21
  12. ^ a b 「立齋公御咄之覺」《旧柳河藩志》第五章・行政、第二節・柳河再城時代 P.192. * 岡茂政 著《柳川史話》第二卷人物篇第117山崎美成の「夜談録」に《立花家旧記》から「立齋公口述次第」(「立齋公御咄之覺」)
  13. ^ a b c Nakano Anai (2012, pp. 12–13)
  14. ^ .Yoshiaki Kusudo (2009, pp. 160–161)
  15. ^ 窪田頌「戦国期大友当主起請文考」元木泰雄 編『日本中世の政治と制度』(吉川弘文館、2020年) ISBN 978-4-642-02966-7 P396.
  16. ^ Naoki Yagi (2012). "戦国大名城下町の移転と大名権利-豊後大友氏を事例として-" [Daimyo Power and the Relocation of Sengoku Daimyo Castle Towns -A case of the Bungo Otomo family-] (PDF). The Research Bulletin of the Faculty of Education and Welfare Science (in Japanese). 34 (1). Oita, Japan: Oita university. Retrieved 12 May 2024.
  17. ^ Nakano Anai 2012, pp. 9–10.
  18. ^ 阿部・西村, p. 492.
  19. ^ 『井樓纂聞 梅岳公遺事』 p.25
  20. ^ 『柳河戦死者名譽錄』(五)豊後海邊(海部郡) 弘治二年六月三日 P.3
  21. ^ a b c 『旧柳川藩志』第十八章 人物 第十四節 柳川人物小伝(四)高野大膳 P.900頁
  22. ^ a b >『柳川市史』史料編V近世文書(後編)118由布文書 (5) 戸次鑑連(道雪) [Yanagawa City History” Historical Materials Volume V Early Modern Documents (Part 2) 118 Yufu Documents (5) Bekki Akitsura (Dōsetsu)].
  23. ^ a b "『柳川市史』史料編V近世文書(後編)118 由布文書 (5) 戸次鑑連(道雪)感状写 於今度古所山最前攻登、小者一人被疵候、粉骨之次第感悅候、必以時分可顕志候、恐々謹言、七月十九日、由布源五左衛門尉殿 雪下事 338頁". Retrieved 16 April 2024.
  24. ^ a b c "柳川市史 史料編5『近世文書(前編・後編)』" (in Japanese). Yanagawa: Yanagawa city Government. 2014. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
  25. ^ 川口 2006, p. 47-48.
  26. ^ 川口 2009, p. 203.
  27. ^ Spencer C. Tucker (2017). The Roots and Consequences of Civil Wars and Revolutions Conflicts That Changed World History. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 77. ISBN 9781440842948. Retrieved 17 April 2024.
  28. ^ a b c Turnbull 1998, p. 218.
  29. ^ Stephen Turnbull (2003, pp. 104–5)
  30. ^ Yoshinaga Masaharu (2009). 筑前戦国史 [Chikuzen Sengoku History] (in Japanese). 海鳥. pp. 169~170. ISBN 9784874157398. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
  31. ^ 宗像記追考 [Addendum to the Munakata Chronicles (Public Domain)] (in Japanese). Kyushu University Library Collections. 1694. pp. 574~579. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
  32. ^ a b Muneaki Tachibana. "戸次道雪譲状写 立花文書". Muneshige (in Japanese). Muneaki Tachibana. Retrieved 17 April 2024.
  33. ^ a b 刀 無銘 兼光
  34. ^ a b c "『豊津町史』第四編 中世(鎌倉・室町・安土桃山時代)" [“Toyotsu Town History” Part 4: Medieval Period (Kamakura, Muromachi, Azuchi-Momoyama period)]. adeac.jp (in Japanese). Miyako Town History and Folklore Museum/WEB Museum “Miyako Town Heritage”. p. 586. Retrieved 13 May 2024. Chapter 4: Buzen Province during the Sengoku Period (2) Conflict between the Otomo clan and the Mori clan, the attack and defense of Matsuyama Castle (``Ura Bunshi, ``Hagi Clan Sect Record)
  35. ^ 『豊津町史』第四編 中世(鎌倉・室町・安土桃山時代) 第四章 戦国時代の豊前国 二 大友氏と毛利氏の衝突 松山城の攻防(『浦文書』・『萩藩閥閲録』) [1]
  36. ^ 『井樓纂聞 梅岳公遺事』 p.26~27
  37. ^ 戸次鑑連剃髪之事
  38. ^ 『立花遺香』 P.18~19
  39. ^ a b Kuwata Kazuaki (2016, p. 71)
  40. ^ Yano Kazusada (1927). "Chikugo National History/Chikugo Shogun Military Stories" Family history of Yufu Daisuke Koretki (Koremaki) Munakata clan of Chikuzen Province during the Sengoku period; Volume 2 (in Japanese). Chikugo Legacy Publication Society. p. 27. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  41. ^ "『筑後将士軍談』 卷之第九 立花城度々合戦之事 P.224~225". Archived from the original on 17 July 2022. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  42. ^ a b c "『旧柳川藩志』第十八章 人物 第十三節 柳川人物小伝(三)由布雪下". Yanagawa city (in Japanese). 2022. pp. 187, 252, 254, 862. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
  43. ^ "『柳川市史』史料編V近世文書(前編)58 立花家旧臣文書 高野文書 二 戸次鑑連感状写 今度立花表合戦之刻、抽粉骨、分捕高名無比類候、其上与力被官中、或分捕、或被疵之衆、銘々着到令披見、感入候、取静一所可申談候、恐々謹言、四月廿七日 高野大膳亮殿 P.313頁". Retrieved 16 April 2024.
  44. ^ Nakano Anai (2012, pp. 21~2)
  45. ^ a b c 海上知明 (2022). 地政学で読み解く日本合戦史 (in Japanese). 株式会社PHP研究所. p. 69. ISBN 978-4569852980. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
  46. ^ Tetsuo Kawamura (2003). 筑後争乱記 蒲池一族の興亡 [Chikugo War Chronicles Rise and fall of the Kamachi clan] (in Japanese). 海鳥社. p. 113. ISBN 9784874154281.
  47. ^ Yanagawa City History Editorial Committee (1997). 柳川歴史資料集成第2集 柳河藩享保八年藩士系図・下 [Yanagawa Historical Materials Collection Vol. 2 Yanagawa domain Kyoho 8th year feudal samurai genealogy, Part 2] (in Japanese). Yanagawa City. Retrieved 14 May 2024.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  48. ^ a b 大日本人名辞書刊行会, ed. (1926), "立花鑑載", 大日本人名辞書, vol. 下, 大日本人名辞書刊行会, p. 1560
  49. ^ "119". 『柳川市史』史料編V近世文書(後編)119 由布(功)家文書 六 大友宗麟袖判軍忠一見状 永禄十一年七月四日立花鑑載被討果 ["Yanagawa City History" Historical Materials Volume V Early Modern Documents (Part 2) 119 Yufu (Isao) Family Documents 6 Otomo Sorinsode Hangun Loyalty Letter Letter of Tachibana Appearance on July 4th, Eiroku 11] (in Japanese). Rokuichi Shobo. 2011. pp. 354~357. Retrieved 17 May 2024.
  50. ^ "119". 『柳川市史』史料編V近世文書(前編)61 立花文書 三一 大友宗麟軍忠一見状 永禄十一年 ["Yanagawa City History" Historical Materials Volume V Early Modern Documents (Part 1) 61 Tachibana Documents 31 Otomo Sourin Army Loyalty Letter Letter Eiroku 11] (in Japanese). Rokuichi Shobo. 2011. Retrieved 17 May 2024.
  51. ^ "『筑後将士軍談』 卷之第九 立花鑑載野心付葦屋合戦之事 P.244~247". Archived from the original on 17 July 2022. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  52. ^ 『井樓纂聞 梅岳公遺事』 Archived 2022-07-08 at the Wayback Machine p.45~47
  53. ^ 『柳河戦死者名譽錄』(一一)筑前生の松原 永禄十一年八月二~五日 P.7~8
  54. ^ 『井樓纂聞 梅岳公遺事』 p.46
  55. ^ 貞 著. 筑後国史 : 原名・筑後将士軍談 上巻 (in Japanese). 筑後遺籍刊行会. pp. 252~255. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
  56. ^ 『福岡県史資料. 第4輯』立花文書 [2] Archived 2020-10-17 at the Wayback Machine
  57. ^ 『柳河戦死者名譽錄』(一二)筑前多々良濱 永禄十二年五月十八日 P.8~9
  58. ^ 多々良川の戦い 戸次鑑連の奮戦
  59. ^ 『柳川市史』史料編V近世文書(前編)61 立花文書 三二 大友宗麟軍忠一見状 永禄十二年五月十八日、立花表於敵陣、長尾岸渥防戦之砌、戸次伯耆守鑑連親類・与力・被官、或分捕高名被疵、或戦死之着到、銘々加披見訖、 P.346~348。
  60. ^ a b 吉永正春 (2002). 筑前戦国争乱 (in Japanese). 海鳥社. p. 152. ISBN 9784874153376. Retrieved 17 April 2024.
  61. ^ a b "『評註名将言行録』P.250". p. 『評註名将言行録』P.220. Retrieved 29 July 2022.
  62. ^ a b c 井樓纂聞 梅岳公遺事 (in Japanese). Niigata University Library. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
  63. ^ 『豊前覚書』(二)豊州芸州御戦ひの次第 P.74~75
  64. ^ 吉永 正春 (2009, p. 68)
  65. ^ 川副 2016, pp. 193–194.
  66. ^ 『井樓纂聞 梅岳公遺事』 Archived 2022-07-09 at the Wayback Machine p.47~48
  67. ^ 吉永 正春 (2009, p. P.162~194)
  68. ^ "世界大百科事典 第2版「戸次道雪」の解説". kotobank. Retrieved 30 October 2021.
  69. ^ a b Hall et al. 1988, p. =341.
  70. ^ Nakano Anai (2012, pp. 39~40)
  71. ^ 『井樓纂聞 梅岳公遺事』 p.69~70
  72. ^ Haruko Nawata Ward (2016). Women Religious Leaders in Japan's Christian Century, 1549-1650. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781351871815. Retrieved 17 April 2024. Bekki Dōsetsu , secured Sōrin's approval to give his only daughter
  73. ^ 『筑後将士軍談』 卷之第十 戸次鑑連筑前國守護職之事 P.276~277
  74. ^ Nakano Anai (2012, pp. 30–34)
  75. ^ 井樓纂聞(せいろうさんぶん)(Seirousanbun),内・尾・見・外・序中・柱 (in Japanese). Niigata University Library. p. 94. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
  76. ^ Alan Strathern (2020b, p. 270-1)
  77. ^ John Whitney Hall (1991, pp. 341–42, 348)
  78. ^ 『井樓纂聞 梅岳公遺事』 p.83~84
  79. ^ 吉永正春『筑前戦国史』 p.106~109
  80. ^ Kuwata Kazuaki (2016, pp. 87)
  81. ^ 『筑後将士軍談』 卷之第十一 岩屋合戦関内記勇戦之事 P.299~300
  82. ^ Nakano Anai (2012, pp. 54)
  83. ^ a b 『井樓纂聞 梅岳公遺事』 p.85
  84. ^ a b 吉永正春『筑前戦国史』 p.109~110
  85. ^ a b 二日市の戦い
  86. ^ 『柳河戦死者名譽錄』(一五)筑前鍬摺 天正七年 三月十三日 P.10
  87. ^ a b 『筑後将士軍談』 卷之第十二 豊後勢與秋月筑紫挑戦之事 P.317
  88. ^ 『井樓纂聞 梅岳公遺事』 p.85~86
  89. ^ 安楽平落城 筑前大友五城
  90. ^ a b Nakano Anai (2012, pp. 47)
  91. ^ 『井樓纂聞 梅岳公遺事』 p.86~87
  92. ^ 吉永 正春 (2009, p. 119)
  93. ^ 『筑後将士軍談』卷之第十二 立花道雪與宗像等合戦付麻生生害之事 P.317~318
  94. ^ Nakano Anai (2012, p. 55)
  95. ^ 『筑後将士軍談』 卷之第十二 大鶴小田部戦死之事 P.322
  96. ^ 宗像記追考 P.538~540
  97. ^ 『筑後将士軍談』 卷之第十二 道雪紹雲誅原田鑑尚事 P.318~319
  98. ^ 大友興廃記、戸次軍談の伝える「生の松原合戦」
  99. ^ 『筑後将士軍談』 卷之第十二 筑前国所々合戦之事 P.324~325
  100. ^ 『筑後将士軍談』 卷之第十二 高橋秋月挑戦之事 P.321
  101. ^ 『井樓纂聞 梅岳公遺事』 p.96
  102. ^ Alan Strathern (2020, pp. 163–193)
  103. ^ 『井樓纂聞 梅岳公遺事』 p.96~97
  104. ^ 猫城合戦(福岡県中間市上底井野)「森鎮実不覚、討ち死多数」
  105. ^ 桑田 2016, pp. 231.
  106. ^ 『井樓纂聞 梅岳公遺事』 p.115~117
  107. ^ 吉永正春『筑前戦国史』 p.139~141
  108. ^ 『戸次軍談』『橘山遺事』『陰徳太平記』
  109. ^ a b 『筑後将士軍談』 卷之第十二 筑前国所々合戦之事 P.324
  110. ^ 龍ヶ城夜襲之事「岩屋城結束強化の契機となった。北原鎮久の誅殺」
  111. ^ 『井樓纂聞 梅岳公遺事』 p.121
  112. ^ 直方市教育委員会 (1987). 筑前鷹取城跡 福岡県直方市大字頓野・永満寺所在中・近世城郭の調查 · Volume 1 (in Japanese). 直方市教育委員会. p. 7. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
  113. ^ Masato Fujino (2011, p. 66)
  114. ^ Masato Fujino (2011, p. 69)
  115. ^ 桑田 2016, pp. 164–465.
  116. ^ 『筑後将士軍談』 卷之第十三 小金原合戦之事 P.351~353
  117. ^ Nakano Anai (2012, p. 47)
  118. ^ 『井樓纂聞 梅岳公遺事』 p.87
  119. ^ Alessandro Valignano (1954, pp. 114–6)
  120. ^ Yoshinaga 1977, pp. 148=151.
  121. ^ Nakano Anai (2012, pp. 8–9)
  122. ^ 『井樓纂聞 梅岳公遺事』 p.122
  123. ^ 『豊前覚書』(五)立花御籠城の次第 P.92
  124. ^ 『筑後将士軍談』 卷之第十三 小金原合戦之事 P.353
  125. ^ 『井樓纂聞 梅岳公遺事』 p.122~123
  126. ^ 吉永正春『筑前戦国史』 p.163
  127. ^ 中野、穴井 2012, pp. 47.
  128. ^ 『宗像郡誌. 中編 宗像記追考』本書第十六 小金原合戦之事 P.628~629
  129. ^ 『井樓纂聞 梅岳公遺事』 p.124
  130. ^ 吉永正春『筑前戦国史』 p.165~167
  131. ^ 中野、穴井 2012, pp. 64.
  132. ^ Yoshinaga 1977, pp. 175–7.
  133. ^ 『井樓纂聞 梅岳公遺事』 p.126
  134. ^ 吉永正春『筑前戦国史』 p.167~168
  135. ^ 『筑後将士軍談』 卷之第十四 高橋紹運取返米山付統虎初陣石垣山合戦之事 P.371
  136. ^ Masato Fujino (2011, p. 67)
  137. ^ 中野、穴井 2012, pp. 59.
  138. ^ a b 『井樓纂聞 梅岳公遺事』 p.128
  139. ^ 吉永 正春 (2009, p. 168)
  140. ^ 『井樓纂聞 梅岳公遺事』 p.128~129
  141. ^ 吉永正春『筑前戦国史』 p.164~165、 p.174~175
  142. ^ 吉永 正春 (2009, p. 164~65; 174~75)
  143. ^ a b Yoshinaga 1977, p. 191–193.
  144. ^ 桑田 2016, pp. 80–84.
  145. ^ a b "『豊前覚書』(五)立花御籠城の次第" (in Japanese). p. 72~73; 89. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
  146. ^ Kuwata Kazuaki (2016, pp. 80–4)
  147. ^ 柳川市史』史料編V近世文書(後編)131 藩史稿本類・士民ノ事績 (53) [Yanagawa City History' Historical Materials V Early Modern Documents (Part 2) 131 Manuscripts of Domain History and Records of Samurai and Civilians (53)].
  148. ^ 『柳河戦死者名譽錄』(二七)筑後井上城 天正十二年十一月十四日 P.14
  149. ^ Yoshinaga 1977, pp. 196–198.
  150. ^ Nakano Anai (2012, pp. 68)
  151. ^ a b Kazusada Yano; Yoshinaga masaharu (1927). "筑後国史 : 原名・筑後将士軍談 上巻" [History of Chikugo: Original name: Military stories of Chikugo generals, Volume 1]. 筑後遺籍刊行会 (in Japanese). pp. 423~428. Retrieved 11 May 2024.
  152. ^ a b Yoshinaga 1977, pp. 198~200.
  153. ^ 久留米高良山合戦
  154. ^ "Iro Kenbun Umagaku Kojiji" p .141~143
  155. ^ a b 『柳河戦死者名譽錄』(二八)筑後十三部野 天正十三年 四月十八日 P.14
  156. ^ 久留米市史 第6巻 [Kurume city history; Vol.6] (in Japanese). Kurume City History Editorial Committee. 1981. p. 62. Retrieved 12 May 2024.
  157. ^ 『井樓纂聞 梅岳公遺事』 Archived 2022-07-22 at the Wayback Machine p.143
  158. ^ 吉永正春『筑前戦国史』道雪、紹運、筑後出陣 p.199
  159. ^ "『筑後将士軍談』 卷之第十五 黒木落城付所々軍之事 P.418~421". Archived from the original on 18 July 2022. Retrieved 18 July 2022.
  160. ^ 吉永 正春 (2009, p. 200)
  161. ^ "『筑後将士軍談』 卷之第十六 道雪病死諸将退陣之事 P.432~434". Archived from the original on 18 July 2022. Retrieved 18 July 2022.
  162. ^ 『井樓纂聞 梅岳公遺事』 Archived 2022-07-22 at the Wayback Machine p.146~149
  163. ^ 『柳川史話』第一卷 人物篇(其の一)1 道雪公の片麟 P.1~3
  164. ^ 吉永正春『筑前戦国史』道雪の死 p.203~210
  165. ^ "『橘山遺事』 P.150". Archived from the original on 9 September 2022. Retrieved 9 September 2022.
  166. ^ a b Kusudo 2009, p. 169.
  167. ^ Kusudo 2009, p. 205.
  168. ^ 寛 著 (1942). 評註名将言行録 中. 非凡閣. pp. 218~19.
  169. ^ Jeffrey Paul Mass (1997). The Origins of Japan's Medieval World Courtiers, Clerics, Warriors, and Peasants in the Fourteenth Century (Paperback). Stanford University Press. pp. 232–3. ISBN 9780804743792. Retrieved 17 April 2024.
  170. ^ a b c 『柳川史話』第一卷 人物篇(其の一)道雪公の片麟 P.2 (in Japanese).
  171. ^ 『立花遺香』 P.29
  172. ^ "脇指 無銘(雷切丸)". Archived from the original on 18 August 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
  173. ^ Thersa Matsuura (2024). The Book of Japanese Folklore: An Encyclopedia of the Spirits, Monsters, and Yokai of Japanese Myth The Stories of the Mischievous Kappa, Trickster Kitsune, Horrendous Oni, and More (Hardcover). Adams Media. ISBN 9781507221914. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
  174. ^ UENO Kaori. "Japanese Swords in the Collection of the Tachibana Family". Google arts & cultures. Tachibana Museum. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
  175. ^ "三柱神社について of 成就・復活・縁結びの社(福岡県柳川市)". 成就・復活・縁結びの社(福岡県柳川市) (in Japanese). Retrieved 16 December 2019.
  176. ^ "薙刀 銘 豊州高田住平家盛". Google Arts & Cultures (in Japanese). Retrieved 24 April 2024.
  177. ^ "Tachibana Dōsetsu spear, made by Kanekatsu Yoshinaga; 15th century". Google arts & cultures. Retrieved 12 May 2024.Masaharu Yoshinaga (2009). 筑前戦国史 新装改訂版 [Chikuzen Sengoku History New Revised Edition] (in Japanese). 海鳥社. p. 209. ISBN 9784874157398. Retrieved 12 May 2024.
  178. ^ a b 薙刀 銘 豊州高田住平家盛
  179. ^ Yoshiaki Kusudo (2009, pp. 160–161)
  180. ^ 『井樓纂聞 梅岳公遺事』 p.21
  181. ^ 脇指 無銘(雷切丸)
  182. ^ 戸次鑑連雷斬之事
  183. ^ 雷切丸「被雷した戸次鑑連の太刀」
  184. ^ 『筑後将士軍談』 卷之第九 戸次鑑連斬雷事 P.234
  185. ^ Yoshiaki Kusudo (2009, p. 162)
  186. ^ "Chapter 3: Domain administration, Section 3: Domain administration, 2nd: Military government organization". 《旧柳河藩志》第三章・藩治、第三節・藩政、第二・軍政組織 [《Old Yanagawa Domain History》Chapter 3: Domain administration, Section 3: Domain administration, 2nd: Military government organization P.154~155] (in Japanese). pp. 154–5.
  187. ^ 『旧柳川藩志』上卷 第五章 行政 第一節元亀・慶長時代187頁
  188. ^ * 「立齋公御咄之覺」《旧柳河藩志》第五章・行政、第二節・柳河再城時代 P.192; 岡茂政 著《柳川史話》第二卷人物篇第117山崎美成の「夜談録」に《立花家旧記》から「立齋公口述次第」(「立齋公御咄之覺」)
  189. ^ 中野 2001, pp. 17–18.
  190. ^ 『井樓纂聞 梅岳公遺事』 Archived 2022-07-09 at the Wayback Machine p.76
  191. ^ a b Turnbull, Stephen (2013). Samurai Armies 1467–1649. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 46. ISBN 978-1-4728-0003-9.
  192. ^ "『常山紀談』 立花家足軽鉄砲の用意". Archived from the original on 7 November 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2022.
  193. ^ "『評註名将言行録』P.250". Archived from the original on 29 July 2022. Retrieved 29 July 2022.
  194. ^ Bozhong Li (2023). "The Military Revolution in the Era of Early Economic Globalization". Guns and Ledgers. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 83–153. doi:10.1007/978-981-99-6323-2_3. ISBN 978-981-99-6323-2.
  195. ^ Nisizhu Hiromi (1998). 炎の軍扇立花道雪改訂版 (Hardcover) (in Japanese). 叢文社. ISBN 9784794702814. Retrieved 12 May 2024.

Bibliography[edit]

External biography[edit]

Preceded by Tachibana family head
1570-1575
Succeeded by